English 470 • Topics in Literary Theory and Criticism: The Moment of Tel Quel • Prof. Steve Evans


Reading Guide for February 11

An electronic version of The Interpretation of Dreams (in A.A. Brill's 1911 translation) can be accessed here.

John Phillips has provided a useful overview to the "Dreamwork" chapter on his website. An outline for the book as a whole is available, in German, here.

1. Sigmund Freud | "Method of Interpreting Dreams: A Specimen Dream"

Structure of the chapter

I. 96-106 | In the opening ten pages of the chapter, Freud surveys two methods of "popular" (or "lay") dream analysis—one symbolic (which tracks the dream as a whole back to a unitary "meaning") and the other decoding (which treats the dream as an aggregate structure, each element of which needs to be translated independently). He then discusses the relationship between symptoms and dreams as they have emerged in his psycho-analytic practice (at this point scarcely five years old). He describes the state of "uncritical self-observation" that best conduces to psychoanalytical dream-interpretation. Finally, he explains his decision to take his own dreams—rather than the dreams of his patients or the dreams recorded in literature—as the central object of study in the following pages.

II. 106 | "Preamble" to the Dream of Irma's Injection

III. 107-08 | The Dream of Irma's Injection

IV. 108-18 | Interpretation of the Dream of Irma's Injection

V. 118-21 | Coda

Some Passages

103 | Nevertheless, what Schiller describes as the relaxation of the watch upon the gates of Reason, the adoption of an attitude of uncritical self-observation, is by no means difficult. Most of my patients achieve it after their first instructions. I myself can do so very completely, by the help of writing down my ideas as they occur to me. —The use of writing as an instrument for permitting the free play of 'involuntary thoughts' will recur in the form of 'automatic writing' among the Surrealists.

105 | Thus it comes about that I am led to my own dreams, which offer a copious and convenient material, derived from an approximately normal person and relating to multifarious occasions of daily life.

111, n1 | There is at least one spot in every dream at which it is umplumbable—a navel, as it were, that is its point of contact with the unknown.

116 | Thus this substance led me to sexuality, the factor to which I attributed the greatest importance in the origin of the nervous disorders which it was my aim to cure.

119 | 'Take these people away! Give me three others of my choice instead! Then I shall be free of these undeserved reproaches!'

121 | When the work of interpretation has been completed, we perceive that a dream is the fulfilment of a wish.

2. Freud | "The Dreamwork"

Structure of chapter

A. The Work of Condensation [die Verdichtungsarbeit]

B. The Work of Displacement [die Verschiebungsarbeit]

C. The Means of Representation in Dreams [die Darstellungsmittel des Traumes]

Some Passages

277 | The dream-thoughts [latent] and the dream-content [manifest] are presented to us like two versions of the same subject-matter in two different languages. Or, more properly, the dream-content seems like a transcript of the dream-thoughts in another mode of expression, whose characters and syntactic laws it is our business to discover by comparing the original and the translation.

283 | This first investigation leads us to conclude that the elements 'botanical' and 'monograph' found their way into the content of the dream because they possessed numerous contacts with the majority of the dream-thoughts, because, that is to say, they constituted 'nodal points' upon which a great number of the dream-thoughts converged, and because they had several meanings in connection with the interpretation of the dream. The explanation of this fundamental fact can also be put in another way: each of the elements of the dream's content turns out to have been 'overdetermined' [überdeterminiert]—to have been represented in the dream-thoughts many times over.

284 | Not only are the elements of a dream determined by the dream-thoughts many times over, but the individual dream-thoughts are represented in the dream by several elements.

293 | Irma became the representative of all these other figures which had been sacrificed to the work of condensation, since I passed over to her, point by point, everything that reminded me of them.

295 | The two groups of ideas converged in 'propyls-propylaea'; and, as though by an act of compromise, this intermediate element was what found its way into the dream-content. Here an intermediate common entity had been constructed which admitted of multiple determination. It is obvious, therefore, that multiple determination must make it easier for an element to force its way into the dream-content. In order to construct an intermediate link of this kind, attention is without hesitation displaced from what is actually intended on to some neighboring association.

297, n1 | In waking life this same kind of analysis and synthesis of syllables—a syllabic chemistry, in fact—plays a part in a great number of jokes.

298, n1 | Dreams become ingenious and amusing because the direct and easiest pathway to the expression of their thoughts is barred: they are forced into being so.

307 | It thus seems plausible to suppose that in the dream-work a psychical force is operating which on the one hand strips the elements which have a high psychical value of their intensity, and on the other hand, by means of overdetermination, creates from elements of low psychical value new values, which afterwards find their way into the dream-content. If that is so, a transference and displacement of psychical intensities occurs in the process of dream-formation, and it is as a a result of these that the difference between the text of the dream-content and that of the dream-thoughts comes about. The process which we are here presuming is nothing less than the essential portion of the dream-work; and it deserves to be described as 'dream-displacement.' Dream-displacement and dream-condensation are the two governing factors to whose activity we may in essence ascribe the form assumed by dreams.

308 | We may assume, then, that dream-displacement comes about through the influence of the same censorship—that is, the censorship of endopsychic defence.

308 | ...a second condition which must be satisfied by those elements of the dream-thoughts which make their way into the dream: they must escape the censorship imposed by resistance [just as they must be overdetermined]

 

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